II.THE GREAT CHAPTER
11(1)Verañjā
Thus have I heard.On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Veranjā at the foot of Naleru's neem tree.
Nalerupucimandamule.SpI 108,29-30 says that Naleru was the name of a yakkha.
Then a brahmin of Verarjā [173]approached the Blessed One
and exchanged greetings with him.
When he had concluded his greetings and cordial talk,he sat down to one side
and said to the Blessed One:
"I have heard,Master Gotama:
'The ascctic Gotama does not pay homage to brahmins who are old,aged,burdened with years,advanced in life,come to the last stage;nor does he stand up for them or offer them a seat.'
This is indeed true,
for Master Gotama does not pay homage to brahmins who are old,aged,burdened with years,advanced in life,come to the last stage;nor does he stand up for them or offer them a seat.
This is not proper,Master Gotama."
A similar rebuke against the Buddha is voiced at 4:22.
"Brahmin,in the world with its devas,Mara;and Brahmā,in this population with its ascetics and brahmins,its devas and humans,I do not see one to whom I'should pay homage,or for whom I.should stand up,or whom I should offer a seat.
For if.the Tathagata should pay homage to anyone,or stand up for
him,or offer him a seat,even that person's head would split."
(1)"Master Gotama lacks taste."
Arasarupo bhavam Gotamo.Mp:"The brahmin,lacking wisdom,did not recognize that the Buddha was the eldest in the world.Utterly unwilling to accept the Buddha's statement,he spoke thus,referring to the'taste of concord'(samaggirasa),which in the world means paying homage,standing respectfully,reverential salutation,and polite conduct.To soften his mind,the Blessed One avoids directly contradicting him;instead he states that the term applies to him,but intending this in a different sense.[The Buddha speaks of 'taste']as the gratification in sensual pleasure that arises in worldlings even in those considered the best by way of class or rebirth—who relish,welcome,and lust after objects such as forms,etc."
"There is,brahmin,a way in which one could rightly say of
me:
'The ascetic Gotama lacks taste.'
The Tathāgata has abandoned his taste for forms,sounds,odors,tastes,and tactile objects;he has cut it off at the root,made it like a palm stump,obliterated it so that it is no more subject to future arising.
It is in this way that one could rightly say of me:
'The ascetic Gotama lacks taste.'But you did not speak with reference to this."[174]
(2)"Master Gotama is not convivial."
Nibbhogo bhavam Gotamo.Mp says that the brahmin intended this in the sense that the Buddha lacks"the enjoyment of concord" (sāmaggiparibhogo,conviviality),by which he again refers to such respectful gestures as paying homage to elders,etc.But the Buddha speaks with reference to the lustful enjoyment of sensual pleasures that arises in ordinary beings."There is,brahmin,a way in which one could rightly say of
me:
'The ascetic Gotama is not convivial.'
The Tathāgata has abandoned conviviality with forms,sounds,odors,tastes,and tactile objects;he has cut it off at the root,made it like a palm stump,obliterated it so that it is no more subject to future arising.
It is in this way that one could rightly say of me:
"The ascetic Gotama is not convivial.'But you did not speak with reference to this."
(3)"MasterGotama is a proponent of non-doing."
Akiriyavado bhavam Gotamo.The doctrine of non-doing,as expressed by its proponents,denies the distinction between good and evil.See DN 2.17,I.52,22-53,2;MN 60.13,I404,21-35; MN 76.10,I516,3-17;SN 24.6,HI 208,20-209,6.Mp says that the brahmin intended this in the sense that the Buddha did not act in accord with convention,as by paying homage to his elders, etc.But the Buddha spoke with reference to the non-doing of bodily,verbal,and mental misconduct."There is,brahmin,a way in which one could rightly say of
me:
'The ascetic Gotama is a proponent of non-doing.'
For I assert the non-doing of bodily,verbal,and mental misconduct;
I assert the non-doing of the numerous kinds of bad unwholesome deeds.
It is in this way that one could rightly say of me:
'The ascetic Gotama is a proponent of non-doing.'But you didnot speak with reference to this."
(4)"Master Gotama is an annihilationist."
Ucchedavado bhavam Gotamo.The annihilationists proclaimed"the annihilation,destruction,and-extermination"of a truly existent person at death.See DN1.3.9-16,I34,2-35,36.Mp says that the brahmin intended to accuse the Buddha of seeking to annihilate the long-established conventions of paying homage to elders, etc.,but the Buddha spoke with reference to the annihilation of all defilements and unwholesome qualities by the four noble paths."There is,brahmin,a way in which one could rightly say of
me:
'The ascetic Gotama is an annihilationist.'
For I assert the annihilation of lust,hatred,and delusion;
I assert the annihilation of the numerous kinds of bad unwholesome qualities.
It is in this way that one could rightly say of me:
"The ascetic Gotama is an annihilationist.'But you did not speak with reference to this."
(5)"Master Gotama is a repeller."
Jegucchi bhavam Gotamo.Mp:"The brahmin calls the Blessed One a 'repeller'(jegucchi);he thinks that because the Buddha is repelled (iigucchati)by polite conduct such as paying homage to elders,he does not do such things.But the Blessed One acknowledges this in a metaphorical sense.He is repelled by bodily,verbal,and mental misconduct and by the various bad unwholesome qualities,just as a man fond of ornaments would be repelled and disgusted by feces.""There is,brahmin,a way in which one could rightly say of me:
'The ascetic Gotama is a repeller.'
For I am repelled by bodily,verbal,and mental misconduct;
I am repelled by the acquisition of the numerous kinds of bad unwholesome [175] qualities.
It is in this way that one could rightly say of me:
'The ascetic Gotama is a repeller.'But you did not speak with reference to this."
(6)"Master Gotama is an abolitionist."
Venayiko bhavam Gotamo.Venayika,from the verb vineti(to discipline,to remove),can mean"one who imposes discipline,one who trains others."But in the Buddha's time the word venayika also seems to have acquired the meaning of"one who leads astray,"who leads others to destruction.Thus Mp glosses vineti, in the brahmin's view,with vinaseti,"destroys."But the Buddha affirms this in the sense that he teaches the Dhamma for the removal of lust and other defilements(ragadinam vinayaya)."There is,brahmin,a way in which one could rightly say of me:
'The ascetic Gotama is an abolitionist.'
For I teach the Dhamma for the abolition of lust,hatred,and delusion;
I teach the Dhamma for the abolition of the numerous kinds of bad unwholesome qualities.
It is in this way that one could rightly say of me:
'The ascetic Gotama is an abolitionist.'But you didnot speak with reference to this."
(7)"Master Gotama is a tormentor."
Tapassī bhavam Gotamo.A tapassi is usually an ascetic devoted to self-torment.The word is derived from the verb tapati,"to burn up,to heat up."The brahmin,according to Mp,uses the word in the sense of one who torments elders by not showing proper respect to them.But the Buddha uses the term to mean that he burns up unwholesome qualities."There is,brahmin,a way in which one could rightly say of me:
'The ascetic Gotama is a tormentor.'
For I assert that bad unwholesome qualities—bodily,verbal,and mental misconduct--are to be burned up.
I say that someone is a tormentor when he has abandoned the bad unwholesome qualities that are to be burned up;when he has cut them off at the root,made them like a palm stump,obliterated them so that they are no more subject to future arising.
The Tathāgata has abandoned the bad unwholesome qualities that are to be burned up;he has cut them off at the root,made them like a palm stump,obliterated them so that they are no more subject to future arising.
It is in this way that one could rightly say of me:
'The ascetic Gotamais a tormentor.'But you did not speak with reference to this."
(8)"Master Gotama is retiring."
Apagabbho bhavam Gotamo. SED explains Skt apagalbha as"wanting in boldness, embarrassed, perplexed"(see too DOP svapagabbha). The Buddha plays on the word as if it meant"rid of(apa)the womb (gabbha)."It is nearly impossible to capture this pun in translation;my use of"retiring"is a clumsy attempt to bridge the two senses:"timid" and "retired" from wandering through the round of rebirths.
"There is,brahmin,a way in which one could rightly say of
me:
'The ascetic Gotama is retiring.'
For I say that someone is retiring when he has abandoned the production of renewed existence,the future bed of the womb;when he has cut it off atthe root,made it like a palm stump,obliterated it [176]so that it is no more subject to future arising.
The Tathagata has abandoned the production of renewed existence,the future bed of the womb;he has cut it off at the root,made it like a palm stump,obliterated it so that itis no more subject to future arising.
It is in this way that one could rightly say of me:
'The ascetic Gotama is retiring.'But you did not speak with reference to this.
"Suppose,brahmin,there was a hen with eight,ten,or twelve eggs
that she had properly covered,incubated,and nurtured.
Should the first among those chicks to pierce its shell with the points of its claws or beak and safely hatch be called
the eldest or the youngest?"
"It should be called the eldest,Master Gotama.
So it is the eldest among them."
"So too,brahmin,in a population immersed in ignorance,become like an egg,completely enveloped,
See 4:128 S4.I have pierced the egg shell of ignorance.I am the sole person in the world who has awakened to the unsurpassed perfect enlightenment.
So I am the eldest,the best in the world.
"My energy,brahmin,was aroused without slackening;my mindfulness was established without confusion:my body was tranquil without disturbance;my mind was concentrated and one-pointed.
Secluded from sensual pleasures,secluded from unwholesome states,I entered and dwelled in the first jhāna,which consists of rapture and pleasure born of seclusion,accompanied by thought and examination.
With the subsiding of thought and examination,I entered and dwelled in thesecond jhāna,which has internal placidity and unification ofmind and consists of rapture and pleasure born of concentra-tion,without thought and examination.[177]
With the fadingaway as well of rapture,I dwelled equanimous and,mindful and clearly comprehending,I experienced pleasure withthe body;I entered and dwelled in the third jhāna of which the noble ones declare:
'He is equanimous,mindful,one who dwells happily.'
With the abandoning of pleasure and pain,and with the previous passing away of joy and dejection,I enteredand dwelled in the fourth jhāna,neither painful nor pleasant,which has purification of mindfulness by equanimity.
"When my mind was thus concentrated,purified,cleansed,unblemished,rid of defilement,malleable,wieldy,steady,andattained to imperturbability,I directed it to the knowledge of the recollection of past abodes.
Following Be and Ee,I give the first two knowledges in full.Ce abridges them.
I recollected my manifoldpast abodes,that is,one birth,two births,three births,four births,five births,ten births,twenty births,thirty births,fortybirths,fifty births,a hundred births,a thousand births,a hundred thousand births,many eons of world-dissolution,many eons of world-evolution,many eons of world-dissolution and world-evolution thus:
'There I was so named,of such a clan,with such an appearance,such was my food,such my experience of pleasure and pain,such my life span;
passing away from there,I was reborn elsewhere,
and there too I was so named,of such a clan,with such an appearance,such was my food,such my experience of pleasure and pain,such my life span;
passing away from there,I was reborn here.'
Thus I recollected my manifold past abodes with their aspects and details.
"This,brahmin,was the first true knowledge attained by me in the first watch of the night.
Ignorarce was dispelled,true knowledge had arisen;
darkness was dispelled,light had arisen,as happens when one dwells heedful,ardent,and resolute.
This,brahmin,was my first breaking out,like that of the chick breaking out of the egg shell.[178]
"When my mind was thus concentrated,purified,cleansed,unblemished,rid of defilement,malleable,wieldy,steady,and attained to imperturbability,I directed it to the knowledge of the passing away and rebirth of beings.
With the divine
eye,which is purified and surpasses the human,I saw beingspassing away and being reborn,inferior and superior,beautiful and ugly,fortunate and unfortunate,and I understood how beings fare in accordance with their kamma thus:
'These beings who engaged in misconduct by body,speech,and mind,who reviled the noble ones,held wrong view,and undertook kamma based on wrong view,
with the breakup of the body,after death,have been reborn in the plane of misery,in a bad destination,in the lower world,in hell;
but these beings who engaged in good conduct by body,speech,and mind,who didnot revile the noble ones,who held right view,and undertook kamma based on right view,
with the breakup of the body,after death,have been reborn in a good destination,in the heavenly world.'
Thus with the divine eye,which is purified and surpasses the human,I saw beings passing away and being reborn,inferior and superior,beautiful and ugly,fortunate and unfortunate,and I understood how beings fare in accordance with their kamma.
"This,brahmin,was the second true knowledge attained by me in the middle watch of the night.
Ignorance was dispelled,true knowledge had arisen;
darkness was dispelled,light had arisen,as happens when one dwells heedful,ardent,and resolute.
This,brahmin,was my second breaking out,like that of the chick breaking out of the eggshell.
"When my mind was thus concentrated,purified,cleansed,unblemished,rid of defilement,malleable,wieldy,steady,and attained to imperturbability,I directed it to the knowledge of the destruction of the taints.
I understood as it really is:"This is suffering';I understood as it really is:"This is the origin ofsuffering';I understood as it really is:'This is the cessation ofsuffering';I understood as it really is:"This is the way leadingto the cessation of suffering.'
I understood as it really is:'These are the taints';[179]I understood as it really is:"This is the origin of the taints';I understood as it really is:'This is the cessation of the taints';I understood as it really is:"This is the way leading to the cessation of the taints.'
"When I knew and saw thus,my mind was liberated from the taint of sensuality,from the taint of existence,and from the taint of ignorance.
I do not follow Ce,which here includes ditthasava,the taint of views,absent in Be or Ee.The parallel passages in Ce at 3:59, 4:198,etc.,do not include ditthasava.When it was liberated there came the knowledge:
'[It's]liberated.'I directly knew:'Destroyed is birth,the spiritual life has been lived,what had to be done has been done,there is no more coming back to any state of being.'
"This,brahmin,was the third true knowledge attained by me in the last watch of the night.
Ignorance was dispelled,true knowledge had arisen;
darkness was dispelled,light hadarisen,as happens when one dwells heedful,ardent,and resolute.
This,brahmin,was my third breaking out,like that of the chick breaking out of the eggshell."
When this was said,the brahmin of Veranjā said to the Blessed One:
"Master Gotama is the eldest!Master Gotama is the best!
Excellent,Master Gotama!Excellent,Master Gotama!
Master Gotama has made the Dhamma clear in many ways,as though he were turning upright what had been over thrown,revealing what was hidden,showing the way to one who was lost,or holding up a lamp in the darkness so those with good eyesight can see forms.
--
I now go for refuge to Master Gotama,to the Dhamma,and to the Sangha of bhikkhus.
Let MasterGotama consider me a lay follower who from today has gone for refuge for life."