51(1)GotamiThis sutta,the canonical account of the founding of the Bhikkhuni Sangha,has been the subject of extensive scholarly investigations.The narrative also occurs at Vin II 253-56. Several recent studies on the sutta,from a critical perspective,are in Mohr and Tsedrocn 2010.Particularly instructive in this collection is UteHüsken,"The Eight Garudhammas," and Analayo, "Women's Renunciation in Early Buddhism:The Four Assemblies and the Foundation of the Order of Nuns,"which treats the chronological problem at pp.86-90.
This sutta,the canonical account of the founding of the Bhikkhuni Sangha,has been the subject of extensive scholarly investigations.The narrative also occurs at Vin II 253-56. Several recent studies on the sutta,from a critical perspective,are in Mohr and Tsedrocn 2010.Particularly instructive in this collection is UteHüsken,"The Eight Garudhammas," and Analayo, "Women's Renunciation in Early Buddhism:The Four Assemblies and the Foundation of the Order of Nuns,"which treats the chronological problem at pp.86-90.On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling among the Sakyans at Kapilavatthu in the Banyan Tree Park.
The chronology is unclear to me.Mp says that at the time this sutta begins the Buddha was living among the Sakyans during his first return journey to Kapilavatthu(pathamagamanena gantvaviharati).Yet,given that Mahāpajāpatī could go forth only after the death of her husband,the Buddha's father Suddhodana,and that it seems improbable Suddhodana died during the Buddha's first return visit to Kapilavatthu,which took place soon after his enlightenment,this fact is hardly credible.It would also lead to an odd anachronism.The Culavagga reports that Ananda and other prominent Sakyans became monks after the Buddha's first journey to Kapilavatthu(Vin II 182-83).Ananda became the Buddha's attendant twenty years after the enlightenment,when the Buddha was fifty-five,and served the Buddha in this capacity for twenty-five years,right up until the end of his master's life(Th 1041-43).In this sutta,however,Ananda is depicted as the Buddha's attendant before the founding of the Bhikkhunī Sangha.Whether this event occurred shortly after the Buddha's first return trip to Kapilavatthu,or even five or ten years later,it would still be too early for Ananda to be serving as his attendant.Thus,unless Ananda was not actually the Buddha's attendant at the time,there seems to be a chronological tension between the situation depicted in the sutta and the likely period when women first obtained ordination.
Then Mahāpajāpatī Gotami approached the Blessed One,
paid homage to him,stood to one side,
and said to him:
"Bhante,it would be good if women could obtain the going forth from the household life into homelessness in the Dhamma and discipline proclaimed by the Tathagata."
I summarize the sequence of events from Mp.When the Buddha returned to Kapilavatthu,he gave the going forth to Nanda and Rahula and later resolved a conflict between the Sakyans and their neighbors,the Koliyans(the Buddha's relatives on his mother's side).Following this,250 young men from each side left the home life under the Buddha.After a while,they began to pine for their wives.The Buddha brought them to the Kunāla Lake,where he taught them the Kunala Jātaka on the wiles and deceitfulness of women.On hearing this,the five hundred young monks attained stream-entry and shortly afterward became arahants.Their wives sent them messages entreating them to return home,but they replied that they were now incapable of living the household life.The women therefore went to Mahāpajāpatī and asked her to request the Buddha,her stepson,to allow women to go forth.Mahāpajāpatī took the women under her wing,went to the Buddha,and made this request.
"Enough, Gotami!
Do not favor the going forth of women from the household life into homelessness in the Dhamma and discipline proclaimed by the Tathāgata."
A second time...
...
...
...
A third time Mahāpajāpati Gotamī said to the Blessed One:
"Bhante,it would be good if women could obtain the going forth from the household life into homelessness in the Dhamma and discipline proclaimed by the Tathāgata."
"Enough,Gotami!
Do not favor the going forth of women from the household life into homelessness in the Dhamma and discipline proclaimed by the Tathāgata."
Mp:"Why does he refuse her?Isn't it the case that all Buddhas have four assemblies?This,is true,but he refuses her with the thought that if women are given permission to go forth only after they have made repeated efforts,they will maintain their ordination and revere it,recollecting how difficult it was to obtain the going forth."Then Mahāpajāpati Gotami,thinking:"The Blessed One does not allow the going forth of women from the household life into homelessness,"miserable and saddened,wept with a tearful face.She then paid homage to the Blessed One,circumambulated him keeping the right side toward him,and departed.
Having stayed in Kapilavatthu as long as he wanted,the Blessed One set out on tour toward Vesali.
Wandering on tour,he eventually arrived at Vesali,
where he dwelled in the hall with the peaked roof in the Great Wood.
Then Mahāpajāpati Gotamī had her hair cut off,put on ochre robes,and together with a number of Sakyan women,
These were the five hundred Sakyan women whose husbands had gone forth and attained arahantship.In a personal communication,Pruitt writes:"There's no indication of how much time elapsed between the Buddha's departure and what follows here.In Thi-a 3,[the commentator]Dhammapala says,'He had the young Nanda and the young Rahula go forth and then the Teacher returned again to Rajagaha.On a later occasion,when the Teacher was living in the Kūtagara Hall near Vesali,the great King Suddhodana attained final quenching [nibbāna],having realized arahantship even while he was still [reigning]under the white parasol.The inclination to go forth arose in MahaPajāpati'(Pruitt 1998:6-7).This is also given at Thī-a 141(Pruitt 1998:181).King Suddhodana is the only layman I know of who became an arahant and remained a layman,which means he could not have lived more that seven days after becoming an arahant."[275]set out toward Vesali.
Eventually,she reached Vesalī and [went to]the hall with the peaked roof in the Great Wood.
Then,with her feet swollen and her body covered with dust,miserable and saddened,weeping with a tearful face,she stood outside the entrance.
The Venerable Ananda saw her standing there in such a condition
and said to her:
"Gotamī,why are you standing outside the entrance with your feet swollen and your body covered with dust,miserable and saddened,weeping with a tearful face?"
"I do so,Bhante Ananda,because the Blessed One does not allow the going forth of women from the household life into homelessness."
"Well then,Gotamī,you wait right here [a moment]
Be has muhuttam,not in Ce or Ee. while I ask the Blessed One to grant women the going forth."
Then the Venerable Ananda approached the Blessed One,
paid homage to him,sat down to one side,
and said to him:
“Bhante,Mahāpajāpati Gotamī is standing outside the entrance with her feet swollen and her body covered with dust,miserable and saddened,weeping with a tearful face,
because the Blessed One does not allow the going forth of women.
Bhante,it would be good if women could obtain the going forth from the household life into homelessness in the Dhamma and discipline proclaimed by the Tathāgata."
"Enough,Ananda!
Do not favor the going forth of women from the household life into homelessness in the Dhamma and discipline proclaimed by the Tathāgata."
A second time...A third time the Venerable Ananda said to the Blessed One:
"Bhante,it would be good if women couldobtain the going forth from the household life into homelessness in the Dhamma and discipline proclaimed by the Tathāgata."
"Enough,Ananda!
Do not favor the going forth of women from the household life into homelessness in the Dhamma and discipline proclaimed by the Tathāgata."[276]
Then it occurred to the Venerable Ānanda:
"The Blessed One does not allow the going forth of women from the householdlife into homelessness.
Let me ask the Blessed One for the going forth of women in some other way."
Then the Venerable Ananda said to the Blessed One:
"Bhante,if a woman were to go forth from the household life into homelessness in the Dhamma and discipline proclaimed by the Tathagata,would it be possible for her to realize the fruit of stream-entry,the fruit of once-returning,the fruit of non-returning,and the fruit of arahantship?"
"It would be,Ananda.“
"If,Bhante,it would be possible for a woman to realize the fruit of stream-entry,the fruit of once-returning,the fruit of non-returning,and the fruit of arahantship,[and considering that]Mahapajapati Gotami had been very helpful to the Blessed One—having been his maternal aunt,wet-nurse,
and foster mother who nurtured him with breast milk when his mother died—
it would be good if women could obtain the going forth from the household life into homelessness in the Dhamma and discipline proclaimed by the Tathagata."
"If,Ananda,Mahāpajāpati Gotamī accepts eight principles of respect;Attha garudhamme.The term garudharmma is ambiguous.The word garu normally means"heavy,weighty,grave,"as for example in the expression garukā apatti,a grave or major offense.But garumkaroti,lit.,"to make weighty,"means"to respect,"and garukata," respected." Thus garudhamma can mean either a"heavy,grave rule"or"a rule to be respected,a principle of respect."Mp endorses the second interpretation:"The garudhammas are principles that are to be treated with respect by the bhikkhunis who accept them."The translators of the Vinaya into Chinese also lean toward this interpretation.Thus in the corresponding passage in the Sarvāstivada Vinaya(at T XXIII345b29-C33)they are referred to as八敬法，"eight principles of respect."The MūlasarvāstivadaVinaya(for instance atTXXIV350c29)calls them八尊敬法，"eight principles of honor and respect."But the Dharmaguptaka Viraya (at TXXII 923a27and elsewhere)designates them八盡形夀不可
過法，"eight principles not to be transgressed throughout life,"which corresponds to the Pali yavajivar anatikkamaniyo.And the
Mahisasaka Vinaya (at TxXII 185c19)likewise calls them八不可
越法，"eight principles not to be violated.`
let that itself be her full ordination. It is interesting to note how the subject of the discussion shifts almost imperceptibly from the going forth (pabbajjā)of women to their full ordination(upasampada).The former refers simply to their leaving the household life,the latter to a formal act of admission into the Sangha.
(1)"A bhikkhunī who has been ordained for a hundred years should pay homage to a bhikkhu who has been ordained that same day,should rise up for him,reverentially salute him,and behave courteously toward him.
This principle should be honored,respected,esteemed,and venerated,and should not be transgressed as long as life lasts.
Mahāpajapatī later asked the Buddha to permit bhikkhus and bhikkhunis to pay homage to one another(and show other signs of respect)exclusively on the basis of seniority,without distinction of gender.The Buddha refused and issued a rule:"Bhikkhus Should not pay homage to women,stand up for them,salute them reverentially,or behave respectfully toward them.One who does so commits an offense of wrong doing"(na bhikkhave matugamassa ubhivadanam paccutthanam anjalikammaim sāmicikammam katabbam; yo kareyya apatti dukkatassa).The incident is at Vin II257-58.(2)"A bhikkhuni should not enter upon the rains in a place where there are no bhikkhus.
This refers to the three months' fixed residence during the rainy season.This principle,too,should behonored,respected,esteemed,and venerated,and should not be transgressed as long as life lasts.
(3)"Every half-month a bhikkhunī should ask the Sangha of bhikkhus about two things:about [the day]of the uposatha,and about coming for the exhortation.
Thus on the uposatha day a bhikkhu is assigned the task of giving the bhikkhunis an exhortation(ovada).See Thānissaro 2007b: 446-47.[277]This principle,too,should be honored,respected,esteemed,and venerated,and should not be transgressed as long as life lasts.
(4)"When a bhikkhunī has observed the rains,she should invite correction before both Sanghas in regard to three things:in regard to anything seen,heard,or suspected.
The"invitation"(pavarana)is a ceremony held on the last day of the rains residence at which all the Sangha members in order of seniority ask the others to point out any fault they may have committed,whether seen,heard about,or suspected.Each bhikkhu extends the invitation to all the other bhikkhus.By this rule, however,bhikkhunis are obliged to invite correction from both the bhikkhus and the other bhikkhunis.See Thānissaro 2007b: 447-48.This principle,too,should be honored,respected,esteemed,and venerated,and should not be transgressed as long as life lasts.
(5)"A bhikkhunī who has committed a grave offense should observe a half-month's penalty period before both Sanghas.
The penalty period(manatta)is imposed on a monastic guilty of a sanghadisesa offense.During this period,the offending bhikkhu must undergo penalization for a period of six days;each day he must also inform all his fellow bhikkhus of his transgression,a humiliating experience.In the case of bhikkhunis,however,the penalty period lasts two weeks and must be observed in relation to both bhikkhus and bhikkhunis.For details,see Thānissaro 2007b:358-73.In this rule,the word garudhamma has a different meaning from its use in relation to the eight principles as a set. Here,Mp glosses it as garukam sanghadisesapattim,that is,it is the breach of a sanghedisesa rule.Hüskin(in Mohr and Tsedroen 2010,p.144)conflates the two senses of the term and thus sees an inconsistency here where there is really none.This principle,too,should be honored,respected,esteemed,and venerated,and should not be transgressed as long as life lasts.
(6)"A probationer who has completed two years of training in the six principles should seek full ordination from both Sanghas.
Aprobationer(sikkhamana)is a woman candidate for full ordination who has already gone forth.To complete the requirements for ordination,she is obliged to live for two years observing a special training in regard to six rules(cha dhamma).The six rules—specified at Vin IV319,24-29 in connection with Bhikkhuni Pacittiya63—involve observing without transgression the precepts of abstinence from killing any living being,taking what is not given,sexual activity,false speech,intoxicants,and eating at an improper time(between midday and the following daybreak). Breach of any of these rules presumably requires the candidate to revert to the beginning of her two years' training.This principle,too,should be honored,respected,esteemed,and venerated,and should not be transgressed as long as life lasts.
(7)"A bhikkhunī must in no way insult or revile a bhikkhu.
This principle,too,should be honored,respected,esteemed,and venerated,and should not be transgressed as long as life lasts.
(8)"From today on,Ananda,bhikkhunis are prohibited from
admonishing bhikkhus,but bhikkhus are not prohibited from
admonishing bhikkhunis.
This principle,too,should be honored,respected,esteemed,and venerated,and should not be
transgressed as long as life lasts.
"If,Ananda,Mahāpajāpati Gotamī accepts these eight principles of respect,let that itself be her full ordination."
In the Vibhanga section of the Vinaya Pitaka,the rules of the Bhikkhunī Patimokkha are shown to have been laid down in response to specific incidents of misbehavior on the part of a certain bhikkhunī (or group of bhikkhunis).Several of these rules are already included among the garudhammas.Thus garudhammas 2,3,4,and 7 correspond to Bhikkhuni Pacittiyas 56,59,57,and 52.Garudhamma 6 has counterparts in Bhikkhunī Pacittiyas 63 and 64.The fact that the background stories to these rules show them originating at different points in the early history of the Bhikkhunī Sangha casts doubt on the historicity of the present account,which shows the eight garudhammas being laid down at the very beginning of the Bhikkhuni Sangha.If the eight garudhammas had been laid down at the birth of the Bhikkhuni Sangha,they would have already been in force and there would have been no need for the Buddha to issue rules to prohibit the same undesirable behavior.He could simply have pointed to the existing rule.The fact that he did issue new rules thus collides with the thesis that the eight garudhammas were laid down at the very start of the Bhikkhuni Sangha.Then the Venerable Ananda,having learned these eight principles of respect from the Blessed One,went to Mahāpajāpatī.
Gotami
and said to her:
"If,Gotamī,you accept eight principles
of respect,that itself will be your full ordination:
(1)"A bhikkhunī who has been ordained for a hundred years
should pay homage to a bhikkhu who has been ordained that
same day,should rise up for him,reverentially salute him,and
behave properly toward him.
This principle should be honored,
respected,esteemed,and venerated,and should not be transgressed as long as life lasts....
(8)"From today bhikkhunis are prohibited from admonishing bhikkhus,[278]but bhikkhus are not prohibited from admonishing bhikkhunis.
This principle,too,should be honored,respected,esteemed,and venerated,and should not betransgressed as long as life lasts.
"If,Gotamī,you accept these eight principles of respect,that itself will be your full ordination."
"Bhante Ananda,if a woman or a man—young,youthful,and fond of ornaments,with head bathed—obtains a garland of blue lotuses,jasmine flowers,or lilies,
For atimuttaka,DOP gives"a kind of shrub(perhaps Ougeinia oojeinensis);its flower."Rather than use an obscure Pali or Latin term,I freely render the name of the flower as"lilies."she or he would accept it with both hands and place it on top of her or his head.In the same way,I accept these eight principles of respect as not to be transgressed as long as life lasts."
Then the Venerable Ananda approached the Blessed One,
paid homage to him,sat down to one side,
and said:
"Bhante,Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī has accepted the eight principles of respect as things not to be transgressed as long as life lasts."
"If,Ananda,women had not obtained the going forth from the household life into homelessness in the Dhamma and discipline proclaimed by theTathāgata,the spiritual life would have been of long duration;the good Dhamma would have stood firm even for a thousand years.
However,Ananda,because women have gone forth from the household life into homelessness in the Dhamma and discipline proclaimed by the Tathāgata,now the spiritual life will not be of long duration;
the good Dhamma will last only five hundred years.
Assuming the historical authenticity of this passage,if the Buddha had wished to proscribe the ordination of women,it seems he would likely have pointed out this danger to Ananda at the beginning of their conversation.Ananda would then have desisted from his effort and women would not have received the right to ordain."Just as,Ananda,prowling burglars
Corehi kumbhatthenakehi.Lit,"bandits who commit pot theft."Mp:"They make a lamp with a pot and by means of its light search for valuable goods in others' homes."easily assail those families that have many women and few men,
so in whatever Dhamma and discipline women obtain the going forth from the household life into homelessness,that spiritual life does not last long."
Just as,Ananda,when a field of hill rice has ripened,[279]if the bleaching disease attacks it
Setatthika rogajati nipatati.Mp:"A kind of insect pierces the stalk and enters the middle of the reed.When the stalk is pierced,the sap comes out and cannot reach the top of the paddy plant."that field of hill rice does not last long,so in whatever Dhamma and discipline women obtainthe going forth from the household life into homelessness,thatspiritual life does not last long.
"Just as,Ananda,when a field of sugar cane has ripened,if the rusting disease attacks it,
Manjitthika rogajati nipatati.Mp:"The internal reddening of the sugar cane."that field of sugar cane does not last long,
so in whatever Dhamma and discipline women obtain the going forth from the household life into homelessness,that spiritual life does not last long.
"Just as,Ananda,a man might build a dyke around a large reservoir as a precaution so that the water would not overflow,
so too,as a precaution I have prescribed for bhikkhunis the eight principles of respect as things not to be transgressed as long as life lasts."
Mp(Ce):"By this he shows the following:'When a causeway is not built around a large reservoir,whatever water would have remained there if the causeway had first been built does not remain because there is no causeway.So too,these principles of respect have been prescribed in advance,before an incident has arisen,for the purpose of preventing transgression.If they had not been prescribed,then,because women have gone forth,the good Dhamma would have lasted five hundred years.But because they have been laid down in advance,it will continue another five hundred years and thus last for the thousand years originally stated.'And this expression ‘a thousand years' is said with reference to arahants who have attained the analytic knowledges (patisambhidapabhedappattakhinasavanam vasen'eva vuttam). Following this,for another thousand years,there appear dry insight arahants;for another thousand years,non-returners;for another thousand years,once-returners;and for another thousand years,stream-enterers.Thus the good Dhamma of penetration (pativedhasaddhammo)will last five thousand years.The Dhamma of learning (pariyattidhammio) will also last this long.For without learning,there is no penetration,and as long as there is learning,there is penetration."From the above,we can see that according to the commentary,the allowance for women to go forth will not shorten the life span of the Dhamma;this isbecause the Buddha laid down the eight principles of respect,which serve as the dyke or causeway.